Nobody wants to see those blue lights flash behind him or her on the highway and there is nothing fun about getting a speeding ticket. Admitting guilt by paying a speeding ticket is easy, but your insurance rates could spike with points added to your license. If you are convicted of a speeding violation, your driving record is likely to be adversely affected and you’ll have to pay various fees.
Remember: Before pleading guilty, you should explore whether it makes sense to fight it instead.
Here are some common reasons why you should fight your speeding ticket in New York
If you are convicted for a speeding violation, it will reflect in your driving record and possibly even result in the suspension of your license. Of course, there are fines and other fees that will be imposed. But also you can face hiring auto insurance costs by hundreds of dollars each year.
The following are a few reasons you might consider fighting your speeding ticket:
1. You have an unblemished driving record
Although paying an $80.00 speeding ticket may not seem that bad, the true cost of the violation should be considered. Even with no prior offenses on your record, one speeding ticket of 16 mph or higher can result in hundreds of dollars of additional insurance costs.
2. You have a strong case
Speeding violations can be hard to beat, even if you think your ticket is unjustified. Your best chance at winning the argument is if you have physical proof that you weren’t speeding. This evidence could be dashcam video, GPS data from a smartphone app, or photos showing a speed limit sign was obscured.
Other aspects of a strong case could be witness arguments such as any passengers who were in the car at the time the ticket was issued or potential weaknesses in the method that the officer used to clock your speed. You can research the officer’s radar gun, for example, to present any potential maintenance schedules that the officer can be questioned about.
However, your best bet starts with showing up. By pleading not guilty, you place the burden on the People to prove its case.
3. You are looking to avoid points on your license
In New York State, motorists are allowed 10 points on their license in an 18-month period before their driver’s license will be suspended. The Driver Safety Class removes up to 4 points from your total. With that said, a conviction to an 8- or 11-point speeding ticket can result in a suspension regardless of your point total. Points are issued to your license or privilege to drive whenever you are convicted of any New York speeding offense. For out of state drivers, New York will create a New York record of your NY tickets here and will report the outcome to your home state. For more on points and how they can affect your driving record, view our DMV Points resource.
4. You would rather pay a fine upfront instead of increased insurance rates for years
Outside of New York City, you can usually negotiate a plea bargain in New York traffic courts. A plea bargain is when the prosecutor offers to reduce your original charge in exchange for your guilty plea to the reduced charge.
Plea bargaining saves court resources and money by avoiding a lengthy hearing. By presenting information that would lead a judge to grant you leniency, you could have your ticket reduced to a lesser charge.
5. You have previous traffic violations and any additional convictions may have your license suspended
The Department of Motor Vehicles assigns different point values for certain traffic violations. You may decide to fight your speeding ticket if the points will result in hitting or going over that limit. The MPH you were going over the posted speed limit will determine the number of points:
- 1 to 10 mph over = 3 points
- 11 to 20 mph over = 4 points
- 21 to 30 mph over = 6 points
- 31 to 40 mph over = 8 points
- 41+ mph = 11 points
The Potential Cost of a NYC Speeding Ticket
The five boroughs of New York City handle traffic tickets in a different manner than in all other parts of the state and, as a result, drivers are convicted at a much higher rate.
In addition, drivers who are found guilty of 6+ points for violations within an 18-month period will be required to pay a Driver Responsibility Assessment Fee (DRAF). The DRAF costs $300 plus $75 for each additional point after the 6.
Depending on the MPH that the motorist was driving over the posted speed limit, the costs for someone with a clean driving record could be around:
- 1 to 10 mph over could result in a $100-$250 total fine, surcharge
- 11 to 20 mph over could result in a $175-$350 total fine, surcharge
- 21 to 30 mph over could result in a $225-$500 total fine, surcharge, and $300 DRAF
- 31 to 40 mph over could result in a $300-$750 total fine, surcharge, and $450 DRAF
- 41+ mph could result in a $350-$1,000 total fine, surcharge, and $675 DRAF
Reviewing Your NYC Speeding Ticket
Reading a traffic ticket can be confusing at first glance, but it’s actually much simpler than you might think. Non-criminal moving violations in New York City are processed by the DMV’s Traffic Violations Bureau (TVB). Reviewing a TVB ticket is the same as reading a standard DMV ticket, with five sections in total:
- Your information: the top left of your TVB ticket will include your name, address, car information, etc.
- The charges: most traffic tickets are non-criminal charges located just below section one. This tells you why the officer wrote the ticket and what law they believe you were breaking.
- The court’s information: located at the bottom left of the ticket, this section lists the name of the court in whose jurisdiction you got the ticket. This also includes the court’s address.
- Information on pleading guilty: the top right section of the ticket contains information to enter a guilty plea. Doing so will result in a conviction of all the fines, fees, penalties, and surcharges with no way to fight the ticket afterward.
- Information on pleading not-guilty: the bottom right section of the ticket contains information to enter a not-guilty plea. This enables you to fight the ticket in court, potentially resulting in the dismissal of your case.
How to Plead Not Guilty to Your Speeding Ticket
In order to plead “not guilty” to a New York City speeding ticket, you will need to schedule a TVB hearing. To do so:
- Schedule your hearing.
- If you do not plan to appear in person, you can complete a Statement In Place of Personal Appearance in courts that allow them. (Note: We do NOT recommend this option. Appearing in person or through your lawyer is often much better).
- The judge will hold the hearing and notify you of the decision via email at the address you provided.
Your hearing must be held in the jurisdiction where your ticket was issued. If you fail to appear for your hearing or do not submit a Statement in Place of Personal Appearance, your driving privilege will be suspended and you may need to pay additional fines and/or be convicted by default.
Next Steps After You Plead Not Guilty
Your New York City case will be heard by a DMV Administrative Law Judge if you plead not guilty in any of the TVB jurisdictions. The TVB Judge has the authority to decide whether you are guilty, set fines, and take action against your license or driving privileges.
At your hearing, you will have the opportunity to testify, present witnesses and evidence on your behalf and, if you choose, be represented by an attorney.
Common Reasons to Plead Guilty
Pleading guilty is an admission of guilt to the offense that you have been charged with. In other words, you committed the offense in question and are willing to accept the punishment for the accused offense.
If you are a driver that wishes to plead not guilty to your New York traffic violation, you need to sign your name at the bottom section. Whatever you do, do NOT ignore the ticket. It will not go away on its own, and you could end up in much bigger trouble.
If you recently received a New York speeding ticket, contact Weiss and Associates, PC. Our team of NY traffic ticket lawyers understand the ins and outs of New York law and will do all we can to get you the results you are looking for.
74 Comments. Leave new
I am an Ohio driver but was stopped in New York state traveling 82 mph in a 65mph zone I noticed my speed but at same time saw the trooper in the cross over he had me on his radar should i plead guilty or not guilty to this ticket
Robert McDermott,
Points from a New York conviction will NOT transfer to you Ohio license. Therefore, the generally will not affect your driving privileges in Ohio. However, the conviction will be reported to the Ohio DMV and therefore your insurance company can learn about it. We therefore recommend that you speak with your insurance company before you plead guilty to this (these) ticket(s). If a conviction will affect your auto insurance, you should seriously consider fighting it. Further, if you often drive in New York State, you may still want to fight this (these) tickets. New York will maintain a record of New York points that you accumulate with your Ohio license and you can be penalized for having too many New York points (just like a New York driver would be penalized).
Matthew Weiss
I was returning home after a long day with my father at the hospital. I was driving in the far-left lane and noticed my exit coming up soon. I decided to pass the car next to me on the right lane, but they didn’t allow me to. So, I sped up and passed them. However, I then noticed a police car parked far ahead, so I quickly slowed down. As I passed the police car, he started following me and asked, “Do you know why I stopped you?” I replied, “Because I was speeding a little bit?” He then said, “A little bit? You were going 91 in a 55 zone.” I explained that I didn’t realize I was going that fast. After checking my driving record and finding no prior tickets in New York or Pennsylvania, he decided to give me a speeding ticket for going 64 in a 55 zone. He mentioned that it would be a 3-point ticket and would drop off after 2 years. I tried to explain that I was trying not to miss my exit, but he insisted that I was still speeding.
Andrew,
I’m sorry to hear about your speeding ticket. Unfortunately, not realizing how fast you are going is not a valid defense in New York.
However, you are fortunate that the police officer gave you a healthy break. Otherwise, you’d be facing an 8-point ticket, a $450 Driver Responsibility Assessment Fee, a possible insurance hike and a possible suspension.
If you have any other questions, feel free to email us at lawyer@nytrafficticket.com.
Matthew Weiss
I was pulled over and given a ticket for “failure to stop at a stop sign”. How will this effect points on my license and insurance rates? Will pleading not guilty help to lessen the charge against me? I have no prior history of incidents.
Jared,
This ticket carries 3 points. If you have an otherwise clean record (past 36 months), then this ticket alone will not result in your insurance rates going up.
Finally, pleading not guilty is the only way to possibly obtain a better outcome.
Matthew Weiss
I just received a speeding ticket in Chautauqua County for going 55 in a 40 zone, approaching the town of Westfield, on Route 5. The officer asked if I knew why I was being pulled over and I replied, was I going over the speed limit? I apologized, and told him that I was listening to Christmas music and was on my way to look for beach glass. He said the speed limit was 40, and asked if I knew how fast I was going. I said I don’t know, 55? He kind of smirked, so I then said, 60? He wrote the dialogue of my reply, “55? 60?” on the citation. When he gave me the ticket he said he clocked me twice (earlier, but I don’t understand where or how) but was just giving me one speeding ticket for 55 in a 40 zone. Route 5 is 55 from North East, Pa for a long stretch of 9 miles or so prior to approaching the town of Westfield, where I was pulled over. Should I plead not guilty, even though I probably was going over the speed limit? Not purposely, though. I have one or two prior speeding offenses in Pa but it’s been over 10-12 years since my last one. Thanks for your help.
Sherry,
We recommend pleading not guilty because this is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable outcome.
If you’d like to discuss how we can help you fight it (and avoid you needing to appear in court).
Matthew Weiss
212-683-7373
Attorney Advertising
I was pulled over for 3 different tickets: driving with only a permit while supervised by someone who had a junior license but wasn’t 21, lane changing badly, and going 90/65. If I was actually going faster than that but I don’t know if the cop radared me, what’s my luck in accepting the first 2 and fighting the speeding ticket? I am 16 years old and have had a clean record before this.
Justin Bellbottom,
You should plead not guilty to all three. This will give you more leverage to work out the most favorable outcome.
Matthew Weiss
I got a ticket at Brooklyn, 38/25, the police said he had video recorded that I was speeding and showed me his speed laser gun. My driver’s license is CA, but my car’s license is NY with NYC insurance, will the points add to my driver’s license and cause my insurance to go up? Should I plead guilty or not? Thank you!
Anthony,
If you have an otherwise clean record (over the last 3 years), then it would not be unreasonable to pay this one,. Otherwise, we definitely recommend fighting it.
Matthew Weiss
I got a ticket in NYC for failing to yield to pedestrians. Should I plead not guilty? He said it was all on camera. Thanks.
Peter Beaudry,
This ticket carries 3 points and, along, will not impact your auto insurance. However, if you have any other moving violation convictions within 18 months or 36 months, then you likely should fight it.
Matthew Weiss
I received a speeding ticket in NYC on 9/10/23. I received a letter from DMV stating that I have until 10/18/23 to plead guilty or not guilty. I called the TVB office 3 times because this is different than the stated 15 days to respond on the ticket, and I was told that I have until the later date on the letter. Do I have really have until 10/18/23 to respond?
Greg,
Yes you have more than the 15 days listed on the ticket. With that said, our recommendation is to plead not guilty at your earliest convenience.
Matthew Weiss
i only have my permit and got caught speeding on a highway doing 87 on 50. what will happen to my moms car if found guilty and what should i do?
Adrian,
You should first speak with an attorney. Second, you should plead not guilty. Finally, how you defend this speeding charge depends on a few variables (actual amount above the limit, what court you’re in, etc).
Feel free to email us a photo of the front of your ticket to lawyer@nytrafficticket.com and include a phone number. We’ll provide a free consultation and answer any other questions.
Matthew Weiss
Attorney Advertising
I was caught doing 85 in a 65 coming home from Canada should i pled not guilty? i really don’t want points to be taken off nor have my license suspended
Maria,
Because NY and Ontario (and Quebec) have reciprocity, we recommend fighting this speeding ticket.
Matthew Weiss
Attorney Advertising
so i should pled not guilty? its in the town of junus
I got pulled over for doing 91 in a 55, but the ticket does not list the speed I was going. The statue says 1180d2 – Speeding on a restricted highway. The roadway was not under construction or restricted in any way. Should I plead not guilty?
Lindsay,
Yes, you should plead not guilty as this is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable outcome.
Matthew Weiss
I’m living long island I got a ticket for not stopping school bus and a car accident I was at fault months before, I have a ticket for going 20 miles over the limit(60, 40) it’s better to plead guilty or not
Fausto,
You should plead not guilty. This is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable outcome.
Matthew Weiss
I recently got two tickets on the same highway (upstate NY) in two different counties. The first was for 84/65 and the second was for 75/65 (officer said that I was going above 80 but put 75 on the ticket). I pleaded not guilty to both and just had my court date for the first offense (the 84/65) which was marked down to a littering ticket with no points.
For the second ticket I just received a plea bargain in the mail which offered a reduction from a VTL1180 inflicting 3 pts to 1110A inflicting 2 pts. I’m not sure how the first ticket affects my record since it was changed to a littering charge and I have one speeding ticket that I pleaded guilty to in 2017. Should I accept the plea bargain or should I keep my court date and try my luck that they will reduce this one to a charge with no points as well?
Zach,
The littering ticket does not impact your driver’s license. If you accept the plea bargain on the second ticket, you will only have a total of 2 points (the 2017 conviction no longer counts against you).
Matthew Weiss
Thanks for the quick response, Matthew.
I’m wondering if it’s worth not accepting the plea bargain for the second ticket in the hopes that if I show up in person they will reduce it to a charge with no points (like they did with the first ticket)?
I just received a ticket for speeding. I was going 48 in a 30 but he reduced it to 40. should i just mail in my guilty plea or should i go to court and plead not guilty? I have no other speeding tickets on my license.
Joanne,
No good answer here. The police officer gave you a break by reducing it “roadside” (from 4 to 3 NY points). So there is a chance you do not get a further break. On the other hand, if this ticket was issued outside NYC, you may be able to get a further reduction if you plead not guilty.
Matthew Weiss
Hi. I have a clear driving record with no moving violations, but I got a speeding ticket the other day. I drive a 2010 little car, with 200,000 miles on it. The officer was pulled over on the right shoulder, so I signaled to move into the left lane. This was to follow our “Move Over” law. The person waved me over, but I had to speed up to get ahead of him. It must have been then that the radar caught me at 70. As soon as I was past him, I moved back over into the right lane, and reduced my speed, while all the others passed me. But he ticketet me. He did not want to hear my reason. The funny thing was, once he handed me the ticket, he threw on his lights and jetted around me into traffic, and pulled over someone else. I’m thinking I can plead not guilty? Possible to get the ticket thrown out, at all? And is it better to go in person, or to hire a lawyer in my case?
Emilie,
Nothing the you have written suggests to me that it will be “thrown out”. Hiring a traffic lawyer can help ensure your rights are protected and you get the best results, but this decision should be made after consulting with one. Feel free to call us at 212-683-7373.
Matthew Weiss
Attorney Advertising
I have a past speeding ticket from 2019. I live in NYC and had gone to upstate Columbia county where I got the speeding ticket and its 91/55. I plead not guilty to the court and I thought by pleading not guilty I am eligible for the plea reduction but they sent me the plea bargain form which only apply to those pleading guilty with a 3 points on my license. I am not sure if I should complete the plea form which puts me in guilty position right? But if I plead not guilty I will have to go to the Columbia county court right?
K Lama,
You are correct. If you do not accept the offer, then your case will proceed in court.
Matthew Weiss
I was caught by radar going 88 in a 65 in upstate NY. They also later got me at 90 before pulling me over. They marked it as 80 on the ticket. The car was a Porsche…I have a completely clean (up till this) record for 23 years. Should I plead guilty or not guilty? I’m worried about getting hit for going 90 in a Porsche to be honest, not sure how good that will look.
Sally,
Tough one.
Because the cop already gave you a break by reducing the speeding from 88/65 to 80/65, you want not want to push your luck. If you plead not guilty, the prosecutor could amend the offense back to the original charge. With that said, you may be able to coax a further reduced charge if you do plead not guilty. I guess the answer depends on how risk adverse you are.
Good luck!
Matthew Weiss
I live in NY. This is my first ticket ever and I got two. One for speeding going 72 in a 50 (I was in the far left lane at around 11:30 P.M.). The second one if for following too close. Should I plead guilty or not guilty?
Thomas,
You should definitely plead not guilty. These tickets carries 6 and 4 points respectively and involve a $600 Driver Assessment Fee (in addition to two fines and two surcharges). Pleading not guilty is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable outcome.
Matthew Weiss
I was clocked at higher speed but officer wrote 68 mph in a 55mph work zone. I am a MA resident and nurse. I was speeding to get a friend home who had a gash in her leg requiring 18 stitches once we got to MA and reached the ER. He saw her leg with a dressing on it on the dash to eIevate the limb. I explained that to the officer. I have no other moving violations. I am a MA resident who is not going to NY to traffic court. Should I plead guilty and write my story in the area of additional explanantion on the guilty area?
Lisa Froment,
Because the police officer already cut you a break, there is a good chance that the court/prosecutor will not further reduce your case. In fact, the prosecutor could amend the case to the original speeding charge.
So, overall, I recommend just paying the case (even though a NY conviction will transfer onto your MA license).
Matthew Weiss
I see a number of speeding ticket questions, but what about in a case where the officer felt you did not remain standing long enough at a stop sign. Is that worth requesting a trial?
Jeff C,
Tough case to win at trial. Under VTL 1172a, a vehicle must come to a complete stop at a stop sign. A complete stop means that all 4 wheels cease moving. Most people slow down and think that they’ve “stopped”.
In any event, we may be able to help you anyway.
Please email a photo of the front of your ticket to lawyer@nytrafficticket.com and include a return phone number. We’ll call you early next week to discuss further (and answer your speeding ticket questions).
Best,
Matthew Weiss
I have a clean record up until last Friday when I was given a speeding ticket for doing 55 in 30 mph. I am usually 5mph higher except in 25-30 zones and I do not remember passing any board that said 30 mph ahead. I am a resident of Delaware and I cannot come back for my court appointment and I do not want to plead guilty as well. This was my first violation and I mentioned this to the officer too. Should I instead mail a plead guilty ?
TB,
We recommend fighting this ticket. This is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable result. If you do not want to return to New York, then you can retain a NY Traffic Lawyer to help.
Matthew Weiss
Got a ticket for going 44 in a 25. I have never gotten a speeding ticket before, or had points on my license. What is the likelihood of pleading not guilty and getting a my points reduced/eliminated. what do you recommend?
Rebecca Wexler,
Your likelihood for success depends on the court and a few other variables. Please email to lawyer@nytrafficticket, a copy of the front of your ticket and include a return phone number.
We will call you upon receipt to provide a free consultation.
Matthew Weiss
Just received a ticket for going 59 in a 45 zone. would it be better to go to court on the date shown on the ticket to plead guilty and explain to the Judge my clean driving record (71 and never had a speeding ticket in NYS in the twenty two years I’ve lived here) Or plead guilty by mail. I’m not questioning my speed of 59mph I just don’t want a heavy fine and surcharge as I’m on social security.
John Bone,
Definitely plead not guilty. This is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable outcome.
Matthew Weiss
NH driver observed driving 21 mph over the speed limit in the Bronx. 25-year perfectly clean driving record up until this occurrence. I understand that NYC violations are without a “plea” option. The $$ fine, the additional 3-year/$300 assessment, the 6 points in NY/3-points in NH, the insurance $$ increase. Is there any possibility of removing/reducing the points and having the fine reduced?
Scott Hirsch,
You should plead not guilty as this is the only possible way to avoid the points and fine.
Feel free to email us a photo of the front of your ticket with a phone number and we’ll call you to provide a free consultation.
We’ll discuss why you fight it and how we can help.
Matthew Weiss
i got a cellphone ticket, i have a court hearing due nxt year, but now i want to pay it and then take the defensive driving course in order to reduce 4 pts out of the 5 pts. My choice for that decision is because i want to avoid the hustle of going to court. My question is, will paying the ticket right now would show up in the system right away?, i really want to pay the ticket today and then take the defensive driving course later on but preferably today because i have things to do this week. Will this situation work?
Eddie G,
Once you plead guilty, the conviction will appear immediately on your driving record and the 5 points will be added.
If you hire a NY traffic lawyer, he or she can appear so you do not have to go.
Call us for a free consultation.
Matthew Weiss
212-683-7373
Attorney Advertising
I plead for not guilty for a speeding ticket in NY state . within how many days I can expect case hearing in the court. do I have to follow-up any? I just got citation notice explaining the speeding details..etc but not any appointment
Rrktskmm,
I would call the court and check.
Matthew Weiss
I have just received a speeding ticket of going 89 in a 65 in upstate NY. It is my first time ever getting a ticket and accidentally filed out the guilty section. Is there a way to change it on paper?
Elizabeth,
Not sure what “change it on paper means” but we recommend pleading not guilty. This is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable outcome.
Matthew Weiss
I recently got a speedy ticket for going 83 on 65 speed limit according to the officer. However I believe I did not go over 80 so the officer wrote it down as 79. This is my first speedy ticket and I have clean record. Can I show up to the court with my ticket without mailing in as ” not guilty ” or should I mail in and wait for a response.
Beh Meh,
We recommend pleading not guilty via certified mail, RRR. This will save you from appearing in court for the sole purpose of pleading not guilty (ie, your arraignment).
Matthew Weiss
My 20-year old daughter recently got a speeding ticket (going 80 on a 65 zone). The minute she got home she panicked and immediately mailed the ticket pleading guilty without even speaking to us to at least try and help her figure out what would be the best option. She’s been driving for 4 years now and has a clean record. We told her she should have pleaded not guilty as pleading guilty could have higher repercussions. Is it possible to change your plea to not guilty even after she mailed the ticket (which the court has not yet received). Is changing plea to not guilty the right thing to do?
Sandra,
Yes, it may be possible to change depending on the court. Call our office ASAP and we’ll help you.
Matthew Weiss
212-683-7373
Should I plead guilty to a 46 in a 30 zone to just make this go away- I do not believe I was doing 46, I was just coming out of a small hamlet town that’s well known for state patrol, and I and another car were pulled over – I was doing something between 35-40 per my dial and directly following the other car.
Gill,
No! We always recommending pleading not guilty. It is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable outcome.
Matthew Weiss
I recently got a speeding ticket going 87 in a 65 it was picked up by radar, I really don’t want points on my license but I’m not sure if I could pley not guilty
Emily,
You should plead not guilty. This is the only way to possibly reduce or eliminate the points from this 6-point speeding ticket.
I live in New York and just recently got my first speeding ticket. Am I supposed to mail in the right side “not guilty part” to get my court date where I get to speak to the DA to try and make a deal for a reduced sentance? Or do I just appear at the court at the date on the bottom left of the ticket, and that is my set trial date already?
John McMarry,
You can plead guilty via mail or wait until the arraignment date on your ticket. We prefer doing the latter.
Good luck!
Matthew Weiss
NYC – is there a chance to plead not guilty to speeding ticket and avoid points? I’ve been driving for 30 years without any moving violations (a couple of speed camera/red light but never direct with my name on a ticket!)
Evi,
Yes, pleading not guilty is the only way to obtain a more favorable result.
Matthew Weiss
I live in New York State, is pleading not guilty to a speeding ticket when going 55 in 35 not a good idea? Should I just pay my fine ?
Jessica,
We recommend that you plead not guilty to this speeding ticket. It carries 4 points and result in your insurance rates going up.
Matthew Weiss
Had a speeding violation in NY (I have a NJ License) went to court & the judge gave me a guilty verdict with lesser charge of 4 points instead of 6 points with a fine to pay. Does this stay on my record forever? Should I just pay it or do I have a chance to appeal & in any way have no points on my license?
Jennifer Torregrosa,
You generally cannot appeal your voluntary decision to accept a reduction. You can take a NYS Driver Safety Class to deduct the 4 points If you haven’t take one in the last 18 months).
Matthew Weiss
live in NJ clean record and want to avoid points. 4 lane rd truck was in the left lane and i passed the truck fast so if he moved right
Joseph Iapalucci,
You should plead not guilty to your traffic ticket. This is the only way to possibly obtain a more favorable outcome.
Matthew Weiss